BLUE BAND

>< today get our blue ribbon
So now, we become more seniors already... & we also need to achieve a lot of procedure!
moreover, become a senior more responsibility that we suppose to do... I feel like my responsible now become more heavy & I scare that if something happen during my posting time because of  juniors make silly mistake I kena scold by staff nurse ... T___T I don't want be senior... I want be forever "Juniors" that look like innocent one! hahahahhaha~

Presentation day

Yesterday when I enter the class, my senior told me that my gruop need to present "vagina infection" assignment!
waa~ T___T I feel so tension that time, so I run to my group members hope they can help me because I haven't ready yet... I am the group leader so I the one suppose get ready everything but then I blame my group members din't discuss or do with me the assignment! I got 5 minute to on my laptop & find out whether I got do it or not before my tutor come in!! Luckily I did it but I haven't completed the assignment yet... so I just present what I had did "alone"! Actually I have skip 1 more infection that I suppose to present but then I din't open the slide & tutor also don't know, perhaps.... hahahah~ Luckily that day I mange to present my assignment infront seniors n my friends... hahaha~ I very nervous & scare that tutor will comment about my presentation(assignment) because this will make me embarass infront all seniors... ><
the leason is>>>>>
do ur assignment once ur tutors give u & don't delay ur assignment until last minute... =="

Abortion/miscarriage

Abortion is the removal or destruction of an embryo or fetus before birth. It may be spontaneous or induced.

Types of Abortion:
1. Spontaneous abortion or miscarriages
- is a type of abortion that occur without medical or other intervention.  About 90% of miscarriages occur during the first trimester (first three months, or 12 weeks of pregnancy).

Symptoms of Miscarriage:

• A typical 10^th week miscarriage is characterized by a very heavy menstrual period. A pregnant woman may experience several days of bleeding and cramps before the contents of the uterus are removed, followed by a short period of bleeding until the lining of the uterus heals.
• Miscarriage after the 12^th week is like a mild version of the labor of during childbirth, with strong contractions that dilate the cervix and expel the fetus.
• Miscarriages between the 13^th and 24^th weeks (second trimester) are most often caused by faulty attachment of the placenta to the walls of the uterus or from a weak cervix that dilates too soon.

Medical names of the various stages of actual or possible miscarriages:

• Threatened abortion is a condition of pregnancy, occurring before the 20^th week of gestation, the patient usually experiences vaginal bleeding with or without some cramps, and the cervix is closed.

• Inevitable abortion is when the bleeding continues and becomes heavy, it usually means that the cervix is dilating and the contents of the uterus are being expelled. Pregnant women will experience lower abdominal cramping and bleeding.

• Complete abortion is when all the contents are expelled.  

• Incomplete abortion is a name given to abortion where the uterus retains part or all of the placenta. Bleeding may occur because part of the placenta may adhere to the uterine wall and the uterus does not contract to seal the large blood vessels that feed the placenta. 

• Missed abortion - is a case in which an intrauterine pregnancy is present but is no longer developing normally. 

2. Induced abortion
- this type of abortion uses drugs or instruments to stop the normal course of pregnancy.

Different methods for performing abortions:

• Menstrual Extraction (endometrial or vacuum aspiration). This method is used for most abortions performed during the first trimester(about 8 weeks). It is done by suctioning out the lining of the uterus (endometrium) through a thin opening of the undilated cervix.

 

• Dilation and Evacuation (D & E) (also called vacuum suction or suction curettage) and Dilation and Curettage (D & C). This method is commonly used for late first trimester or early second trimester abortions. Some doctors use a hollow, spoon-shaped knife, or curette, to ensure that all the placental tissues are removed by scraping the uterine walls.

• Prostaglandin or Saline Administration. This method is done by injecting prostaglandins or saline solution through the uterine wall and into the amniotic sac holding the fetus to induce labor and delivery of a nonviable fetus. This procedure is commonly used for second trimester abortions.

• Hysterotomy. The uterus is opened through a small abdominal incision and the fetus is removed. Hysterotomy is usually performed only when other methods have failed repeatedly, it is performed under general anesthesia. It is used between the 12^th and the 24^th week of pregnancy. 

Causes of the abortion

• Spontaneous
• Uterine anatomy(not suitable for fetus to implant)
• Luteal phase defect ( inadequate secretion of progesterone cause infertility)
• Fetal genetic anomalies
• Incompetent cervix (dilatation of cervix during pregnancy)
• Infections
• Antifetal antibodies
• Alloimmune disease 
• Radiation
• Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
• smoking
• Alcohol ingestion
• Heavy caffeine consumption 
• Antiphospholipid antibodies
• ectopic pregnancy (fetus implant somewhere other than uterus)
• molar pregnancy (tissue that normally becomes a fetus instead becomes a growth,called mole)
• dysfunction of uterine

Habitual abortion, recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the occurrence of three or more pregnancies that end in miscarriage of the fetus, usually before 20 weeks of gestation.

 

Comic

This few days I keep reading comic book, I think I addicted to it already~
I feel more interested to read comic book than online-ing now.
Most of the comic books that i had read is about love story.
All cartoon characters very cute... ><
I will read it non-stop & I can ignore people around me or who talk to me... !!
It all happened when I went to the comic shop & bought few comic books that only course RM1!!!
 Now, I finish read my own comic books & start borrow-ing from my friends.... ><

leukemia Part II

Symptoms

Like all blood cells, leukemia cells travel through the body.
If the brain is affected, they may have headaches, vomiting, confusion, loss of muscle control, or seizures. Leukemia also can affect other parts of the body such as the digestive tract, kidneys, lungs, heart, or testes.


in conclusion, leukemia will effect whole body system....T__T
(shown in below picture)

Diagnosis

Doctors sometimes find leukemia after a routine blood test. 
You may have one or more of the following tests:

• Physical exam: Your doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes, spleen, or liver.
• Blood tests: The lab does a complete blood count to check the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Leukemia causes a very high level of white blood cells. It may also cause low levels of platelets and hemoglobin, which is found inside red blood cells.
• Bone marrow aspiration: The doctor uses a thick, hollow needle to remove samples of bone marrow.
• Bone marrow biopsy: The doctor uses a very thick, hollow needle to remove a small piece of bone and bone marrow.

• Cytogenetics: If abnormal chromosomes are found, the test can show what type of leukemia you have. For example, people with CML have an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome.
• spinal tap: Your doctor may remove some of the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that fills the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord).
• Chest X-ray: An x-ray can show swollen lymph nodes or other signs of disease in your chest.

Treatment

The options of treatments are watchful waiting (Not getting cancer treatment right away), chemotherapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant.
The choice of treatment depends mainly on the following:

• The type of leukemia (acute or chronic)
• Your age

1. Whether leukemia cells were found in your cerebrospinal fluidThe goal of treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and make symptoms go away. (This is called a remission.)
2. After people go into remission, more therapy may be given to prevent a relapse. This type of therapy is called consolidation therapy or maintenance therapy. 
3. stem cell transplants offer some people with chronic leukemia the chance for cure. 

"actually there is no cure for leukemia patient" , it's just can make the symptoms go away but the cancer cells still in the body! T_____T the most dangerous cancer is leukemia which effect whole body system because it involve blood in our body!! Only MIRACLE can cure the leukemia!

 Let us pray for those leukemia patients to be more stronger to fight the disease & hope for the miracle to happen... =>

Leukemia

What is leukemia?

Leukemia is cancer that starts in the tissue that forms blood.
To understand cancer, it helps to know how normal blood cells form.

Normal Blood Cells

Most blood cells develop from cells in the bone marrow called stem cell.
Stem cells mature into different kinds of blood cells. 

• White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

When cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.

First, a stem cell matures into either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell:

• A myeloid stem cell matures into a myeloid blast. The blast can form a red blood cell, platelets, or one of several types of white blood cells.
• A lymphoid stem cell matures into a lymphoid blast. The blast can form one of several types of white blood cells, such as B cells or T cells.

The white blood cells that form from myeloid blasts are different from the white blood cells that form from lymphoid blasts.

Leukemia Cells

In a person with leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells.
The abnormal cells are leukemia cells.
Unlike normal blood cells, leukemia cells don't die when they should.
They may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work.

Types of Leukemia

Leukemia is either chronic (which usually gets worse slowly) or
acute (which usually gets worse quickly):

• Chronic leukemia: Early in the disease, leukemia person may not have any symptoms at first. As the number of leukemia cells in the blood increases, people get symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes or infections.
  
• Acute leukemia: The leukemia cells can't do any of the work of normal white blood cells. The number of leukemia cells increases rapidly.

The types of leukemia also can be grouped based on the type of white blood cell that is affected.
Leukemia can start in lymphoid cells or myeloid cells.
Leukemia that affects lymphoid cells is called lymphoid, lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemia.
Leukemia that affects myeloid cells is called myeloid, myelogenous, or myeloblastic leukemia.
There are four common types of leukemia:

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): CLL affects lymphoid cells and usually grows slowly. Most often, people diagnosed with the disease are over age 55. 

• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): CML affects myeloid cells and usually grows slowly at first. It mainly affects adults.

• Acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia (ALL): ALL affects lymphoid cells and grows quickly.  ALL is the most common type of leukemia in young children. It also affects adults.

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): AML affects myeloid cells and grows quickly.  It occurs in both adults and children.

to be continue....
 

so excited, 1 more week then can go back home to celebrate CNY!
Haahhhahah~ my father sure very happy can see me go back again... ^^
this year, I just want to wear T-shirt during CNY...
So most of my T-shirt I bought in pasar malam... (very cheap)
1st CNY I will wear this>>>

This T-shirt has 36 different faces.
smile,cry,sad,happy,etc~

2nd CNY I think I will wear this>>>

This T-shirt has mashimaro cartoon which I like the most~
& it got 12 animals (十二生肖）that make the T-shirt more special!

3rd day CNY, I suppose to come back kL already, T____T
actually I don't think to buy any T-shirt already but then my friend bought it
so that we have same T-shirt in this CNY!
>>>

I have 2 same T-shirt of the same cartoon~
but this T-shirt more special than 1st 1 that I bought.
This cartoon show they very fat & wanna go for jogging~
very funny & cute cartoon~^^

I also got buy few things go back hometown for my father,
hope he like it la....